Replication of DNA

Replication of DNA



replication of DNA/competitive zone




Introduction

Replication is a fundamental process occurring in all living organisms to copy their DNA, as per the double helix structure given by, Watson and Crick in 1953 give the view of their gradual Separation of two half of a zipper. According to their proposal,"the replication of DNA is a semi conservative process". Both DNA as well as genetic RNA are capable of undergoing self-replication full stop theoretically replication of double stranded DNA could be conservative, dispersion, semi-conservative. 

conservative replication would mean that double stranded molecule is conserved as such and that a new copy is synthesized from old molecule 

In dispersive replication, the old should disintegrate and two new molecules would be synthesized
And last semiconservative replication, in semiconservative replication the tools and would separate from one another maintain their integrity and each will synthesized from a pool of nucleotides its complementary strand.the result would be that each newly synthesized molecule would carrying are conserved one of the two strands from the parent molecule and other stand would be newly assembled.
Meselsoln and stahl conducted an experiment to confirm semi conservative process in 1958 using the nitrogen isotopes, replication in the prokaryotes and eukaryotes occurs by very similar process. It completes in the three following ways-

Initiation-

 we can say that initiation involve recognisation of the position on a DNA model where the replication will begin

Elongation-

it includes the events occurring at replication fork where the parent polynucleotide are copied.

Termination-

It is less understood it occurs when the parent molecule has been completely replicated
COMPETITIVE ZONE

https://youtu.be/44BKtv6M6MU


Point 1 -replication always occur atta stage found between two mitotic division called interphase

Point2-it is a semi conservative process the double helix DNA molecule formed as a result of this process consisting of an old is DNA strand of a parental DNA and the newly formed DNA strand

Point3-to heal a broken proteins of the DNA non conservative type of replication occur

The following requirements are essential for replication-

  • Unwinding protein
  • DNA template
  • A primer
  • Magnesium ion
  • Dinucleoid triphosphate
  • RNA polymerase
  • Polynucleotide ligase enzyme
  • Super helix relaxing protein
Replication starts from definite point called the origin point or ori-point, the two strand of the DNA open with the help of DNA unwinding proteins. The tension produced at the result of DNA inquiring is neutralized by the super helix relaxing protein full stop in order to the initiate the synthesis of DNA. RNA primer is required, the new DNA strand DNA is form over the template of old parental DNA,newsstand is the complementary of the old ones and enzyme DNA polymerase III participate in its synthesis

**enzyme itself is incapable of initiating the  synthesis of DNA chain without the availability of the primer strand so the short segment of RNA are first synthesized using RNA polymerase.

**an enzyme DNA polymerase first degrades the RNA primer in order to replace it synthesis, small pieces of DNA okazaki fragments which unite with the main DNA strand in presence of ligase enzyme

**during the replication one strand is synthesized in one direction only and the other is other direction

**all the okazaki fragments of DNA unit in presence of another enzyme polynucleotide ligase to form a complete stand. Replication can be unidirectional and bidirectional from the point of origin.

Mechanism of replication of DNA-

There are several step in replication of DNA mechanism

  1. Activation of De oxyribonucleotides

there are four types of deoxyribonucleotides in cytoplasm that is,dAMP,dGMP,dCMP,dTMP. .. during duplication phosphorylase enzyme convert all four types of monophosphate in triphosphate. This process is known as phosphorylation.

REPLICATION OF DNA


2. Initiation of replication-

there are some specific point of a DNA called initiation point From which replication is start, these are hundred to 200 base pairs. This point Is rich in  pair. In bacteria there is a initiation. Called as A=T base pair . During replication this point attached with the cell membrane, there are several replication point, In eukaryotic cells.


3. Uncoiling of supercoils-

Derek condense form DNA in nucleus the topoisomerase uncoil the DNA supercoiling.

4. Formation of RNA primer

There are a replication fork is formed in DNAThere are two stand (differentiated) InfoPark that is 5 prime to 3 prime (5'---3') and 3 prime to 5 prime(3'---5')direction.there are small segment of RNA synthesized on that strand called as RNA primer.*RNA primer is formed under the RNA polymerase or DNA polymerase enzyme.

**DNA primase+DNA helicase---------primosome

5. Formation of base pairs-

in the presence of DNA polymerase enzyme the for stand attach with their complementary nitrogen base with hydrogen bond. Complementary is Deoxyribonucleoside.

6. Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate converted into monophosphate-

In the presence of pyrophosphatase nucleoside triphosphate converted into nucleoside monophosphate and release pyrophosphate.
deoxyribonucleoside
Triphosphate converted into monophosphate




7. Formation of new DNA strand-

By the help of DNA polymerase enzyme the nucleotides are attached with each other on DNA template and form a polynucleotide strand. By this method daughter DNA form by parent DNA

**Leading strand-it is  form on parents strand on 5' to 3' direction. It  synthesisea in series manner, there have only one RNA primer for synthesise of leading strand for it there are no need DNA ligase.

**Lagging strand-It form 3'to 5' direction on parents strand. It synthesized  small segment of polynucleotides called as okazaki, for several okazaki fragments there are several RNA primer , DNA ligase is needed to attach for okazaki fragments.

Leading and lagging strand-

after replication there is a fork formation on DNA called as reciprocal fork.which have tso stand 5' to 3' direction and 3' to 5' direction. DNA polymerase synthesized only 5'--3' and direction so we can say that the new strand is synthesized in 5'-3' direction on 3'- 5'stand (parental)  but there are some small segments are synthesized on the stand of 5' to 3' direction of parent DNA called as okazaki .for the synthesis of primary segments there is a RNA primer and DNA polymerase III enzyme DNA ligase attached the okazaki fragment into each other
Competitive zone with aman
Leading and lagging strand

Helicase- break the hydrogen bond


Unwinding protein-called as super helix relaxing protein, it neutralized the lension of uncoiling of supercoiled


DNA polymerase-synthesized polynucleotide or DNA strand but it incapable of initiation the chain without primer.


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